INSULIN

Structure and Synthesis of Insulin: Human insulin is composed of 51 amino acids, forming a dimer consisting of an A-chain (21 amino acids) and a B-chain (30 amino acids) connected by disulfide bonds. This intricate structure contributes to its stability and effectiveness as a hormone.

Within the body, insulin synthesis begins with the production of a larger precursor molecule called pre-proinsulin in the beta cells of the pancreas. It undergoes various processing steps before transforming into its active form, insulin. Initially, pre-proinsulin is translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) where it is converted into proinsulin through the action of an enzyme called signal peptidase. In the RER, proinsulin folds into the correct conformation and becomes fused with three disulfide bonds. Subsequently, proinsulin is transported to the trans-Golgi network, where it undergoes maturation into active insulin with the assistance of enzymes such as prohormone convertase (PC1 & PC2) and carboxypeptidase E.

Industrial Production Steps of Insulin: To meet the increasing demand for insulin, industrial production processes have been developed. The production of insulin typically involves the following steps:

1. Seed Media Preparation: Culturing specific cells, often genetically modified, to serve as the source of insulin production.
2. Vial Inoculation: Introducing the cultured cells into vials to initiate the production process.
3. Fermentation of Product: Allowing the cells to grow and produce insulin in a controlled environment.
4. Broth Harvest: Collecting the culture broth containing insulin-producing cells.
5. Proinsulin Isolation: Separating and isolating the proinsulin molecule from the harvested broth.
6. Enzymatic Conversion Reaction: Converting proinsulin into ester insulin using enzymatic reactions.
7. Isolation of Crude Insulin: Purifying the insulin to remove impurities and obtain a crude form of the hormone.
8. Microfiltration, Lyophilization & Packing: Filtering the crude insulin, freeze-drying it, and packaging it into appropriate vials or cartridges for distribution and use.

Conclusion: Insulin is an indispensable hormone that enables the body to regulate blood glucose levels effectively. Its synthesis and function are intricately linked, ensuring proper glucose utilization in cells. Understanding the role of insulin and its industrial production processes can help individuals manage diabetes and appreciate the remarkable advances in medical technology that have made insulin widely accessible. With ongoing research and innovation, the future holds promising developments in insulin therapy and improved management of blood sugar control.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Insulin:

1. Who needs insulin?

Insulin is essential for individuals with type 1 diabetes, as their bodies do not produce insulin naturally. Some people with type 2 diabetes may also require insulin if oral medications or other treatments are not sufficient to control their blood sugar levels.

2. How is insulin administered?

Insulin can be administered via injection using syringes, insulin pens, or insulin pumps. Advances in technology have also introduced inhalable insulin for certain individuals.

3. Are there different types of insulin?

Yes, there are several types of insulin, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin. Each type has a different onset, peak, and duration of action, allowing for tailored treatment regimens.

4. Can insulin be stored?

Insulin should be stored in a cool environment, typically in a refrigerator, but not frozen. It is important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for proper storage and disposal.

5. Are there any side effects of insulin?

While insulin is generally well-tolerated, some individuals may experience side effects such as low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), weight gain, or injection site reactions. It is crucial to work closely with healthcare professionals to manage and address any potential side effects.